Orthodox tea attracting German buyers in Nepal

Ilam is most popular for producing TEA in Nepal which is in Eastern part of Nepal. Where record of NTCDB 17.4 million kgs tea was produced from 17,451 hectares last year. Of the total production orthodox tea accounted for 20 percent. More than 95 percent of orthodox tea is exported to Germany, Japan, South korea and India. So now, Nepali orthodox tea is attracting German buyers of late after tea growers in the Eastern hills shifted to organic tea production. Nepali orthodox tea was gradually losing its charm among international buyers due to overuse of chemical fertilisers and pest. But now the scenario is changing.

         A group of German traders which inspected tea gardens and tea processing plants in Ilam, agreed to buy tea from some producers. The team agreed to busy tea from Sundarpani Tea Producers, Cooperative in Fikkal, Himalayan Shangri-La Tea Producers of Sankhejung and Kanchanjunga Tea Estate in Panchthaar. The team also certified these factories as 'ORGANIC PRODUCER'. Himalayan Shangri-La which exported 40,000 kgs tea last year to German and other European countries is also set to increase its production and export this year. Company is providing facilities to small holder tea growers for organic tea production. Every year traders from Germany and other European countries visit tea estate in Ilam. They choose products that are free of chemical uses. Unlike past, foreign traders are now looking bulk production of organic tea.

       Thomas Homse, who has been involved in promoting Nepali tea in the European market, said there were a few Nepali producers engaged in organic tea production although the product has a huge export potential in Nepal.

A river runs through it.

       Given the centralised nature of development, it is not surprising that the Central and Western Development Regions got most of the hydropower royalties. The parliamentary committee and one which perhaps, has a much more profound bearing on Nepalis is ensuring local participation in the construction of West Seti by providing 10 percent of the stake to residents of the Farwestern region and a further 14 percent to other Nepalis in general. In effect the committee recognised that it is not only those handful of individuals who have somehow managed to wrangle licenses for themselves but that ordinary citizens too, should be allowed an opportunity to directly benefit from nepal's water resources. As per current rules, 50 percent of the royalty goes to the centre, with 38 percent allocated to the development region housing the power project and 12 percent to the concerned districts. It seems a reasonable arrangement except when one looks at how the sharing actually happens. The table here shows figures provided by the Department of Electricity Development on how the hydropower royalty was distributed in 2011. Given the centralised nature of development in Nepal, it is not surprising that the Central and Western Development Regions gobbled up almost all of it, with the other regions getting just a little over 5 percent. Most gallingly the Far West received zilch. If only for that reason, West Seti will prove a boon to the most neglected part of the country. That however will still be a while off. For the foreseeable future, it will be the Central region that will continue to reap the benefits of hydropower royalty with major upcoming projects like Upper Tamakoshi and Middle Bhotekoshi, located within the periphery of Kathmandu. Going back to the question of allowing local investment, it is significant that the parliamentary committee asked that 10 percent be set aside for the region, rather than the district. since it opens the possibility of benefit to a much larger populace whether they live in the mountains or the Tarai. This is also an issue that will have to be given a great deal of thought when we design our model of federalism since we do not want those who live in the Tarai. nearly half the population to be denied our rivers largesse. This is particularly true for people of Tarai origin since many hill people would be able to retrace a connection with their ancestral lands up in the mountains and so claim shares. A major objection is if the kind of money required for massive projects like West Seti can be ratsed domestically. The cost of West Seti is estimated at Rs. 130 billion. The parliamentary committee wants 24 percent of that amount that is Rs. 30 billion to be raised within Nepal with Rs. 13 billion from the Far West alone. These are huge sums of money but the experience of Chillime Hydropower Project gives reason for hope. Chillime set aside 10 percent of its shares to Rasuwa, the district where the project is located and a further 14 percent to other Nepalis. It received commitments of over Rs. 4.2 billion for a share issue worth just Rs. 800 million.

Nepal's Women are being trafficked to the Middle East using New Delhi and Mumbai.

          In Nepal, the current situation is largely increasing for migrant workers from Nepal. This is making lack of manpower in nation which is very bad being such like underdeveloping country. Specially now a large number of women migrant workers are being traded illegally to Kuwait and other countries in the Middle East using Delhi and Bombay airports as transit points. The well-connected network of traffickers both in countries of transit and final destination presents a big challenge though Trafficking of migrant workers is emerging as a trans-national crime with well channelled international rackets exploiting legal loopholes and lack of proper coordination among concerned authorities, according to the Central Investigation Bureau (CIB). Those traffickers or agencies involved in human trafficking forge documents are making fake citizenship certificates and passports. And dealings between the workers and outsourcing agents remain clandestine. Even Indian and Bangladeshi nationals are found to be using the Nepali route and Nepali passports to go abroad. CIB investigations have found that many of those migrant workers, especailly women end up being tortured and sometimes even suffer sexual exploitation at the hands of their employers. Without earning and insurance cover they are left with no choice but to return carrying bitter memories. Some of them even commit suicide. While many are forced to run away from the torture of the employers and become stray. Nepali missions abroad receivee hundreds of cases of victimised migrant workers in each month.

History of Tamang.

Tamang are an ancient and major indigenous people of Nepal.During the 8th century the Tibetan King employed Tamangs as border patrol to protect the people and lands of Tibet. In Tibetan, the word Tamang means: 'Horse Warriors'. As such, they lived around the southern Himalayan region.

Before the creation of Nepal, Tamangs occupied the Terai Hills in the 7th century. Nepal, was formed later in the 18th century and saw a slow assimilation of the Tamang group with other communities in the region. Around the 18th century following conquests from other communities, the land owned by Tamangs were taken away and distributed to the new rulers of the region.Tamangs are mostly believe in 'Bon' Dharma which is one of the Buddhist releigion and are known as Buddhist cultural and cultural system. Which have a system of six types of societal leaders: Tamba, Ganba, Bonbo, Labonbo, Lama and Choho--to keep the Tamang society continuously alive and dynamic. The six have their respective and important roles to play in the development of Tamang society. The Tamba looks after the cultural aspect and has a very important role to play in marriage ceremonies. The Lama carries out death rites (Ghewa) and undertakes activities related to the Buddhist religion. The Bonbo propitiates the local gods and goddesses and assists by providing treatment to the sick and needy in the village. The Labonbo (Laptaba) keeps alive the history of the clan and lineage through the worship of clan deities. As each thar, or subgroup, has its own Phola or clan deity, there are different Labonbos for each and every subgroup. The Choho looks into cases and dispenses justice and maintains peace, security and wellbeing in society. The Ganba participates in all types of social, political and religious activities. He observes the various activities of society, including whether the Tamba, Bonbo, Lama, Labtaba, Choho, etc have fulfilled their functions as prescribed by rituals and to the best of their ability or not, and evaluates the activities and gives his suggestions. Thus, the six societal leaders or actors continue to make the Tamang society aware of its duties and responsibilities. There are also in Tamang society traditional institutions like Nhangkhor active to undertake socio-cultural activities.

    Their traditional area is the hilly region between the Budhigandaki river and the Likhu river. At present, they live in large numbers in the districtmans  which is surroundingly spread (Kathmandu valley) of Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Dhading, Makawanpur, Sindhuli, Ramechhap, Dolakha, Lalitpur, Sindhupalchok and Kavrepalanchok in the Central Development Region. They are also scattered all over the country, and outside Nepal they are found in large numbers in Darjeling, Sikkim, Asam and Nagaland of India and in Burma and Bhutan. The total population of Tamang in Nepal, according to the census of 2001, is 1,282,304, ie 5.6 per cent of the total population of the country. The Tamang language occupies fifth place in the country in terms of the number of speakers speaking any one language and first place among the Tibeto-Burman languages.

       As this Tamang people should be ahead in nation but Unfortunately, many years of marginalization and discrimination have hindered the progress of the Tamangs. But despite facing several hardships they have survived to maintain their distinct identity and recent years have seen some developments.

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The Historical Buddhist Sites in Nepal.

Kapilavastu and LumbiniNepal is known as the Hollyland where the Lord Buddha was born at Lumbini near the Shakyan capital of Kapilavastu in the southern region of Nepal known as the terai. Which is really spiritual hollyland to gave a born. Now Lord Buddha also known as "The Light of Asia". The 5th-century Chinese pilgrim Fa-hsien described Kapilavastu as a "great scene of empty desolation", populated by a few monks, a score or two of families and dangerous animals such as lions and white elephants. Fa-hsien none the less visited well-known sites, including the Shakyan palace, the place where the child bodhisattva's identifying marks were discovered, and, east of the city, the garden of Lumbini where the future Buddha's mother bathed and gave birth. Mounds, stupas and other ruins testified to previous Buddhist institutional prosperity. Buddhist tradition tells that the emperor Ashoka visited Nepal in the 3rd century BC and erected a stupa and an inscribed column at Lumbini. Recent excavations have uncovered evidence of stupas, monastic dwellings and the well-preserved structure of the bathing-pool. The Ashokan column -rediscovered in 1896 but snapped in half by a lightning bolt - may also be seen at Lumbini. Theravada and Tibetan monasteries have been built in the past two decades near Lumbini, re-establishing the site as an important, although geographically remote, devotional centre.
Swayambhunath and Boudhanath (Kathmandu)

Kathmandu is Capital of Nepal, where located so many Historical places and materials among them Swayambhunath and Boudhanath is special to all Buddhist people.To commemorate his missionary visit, the emperor Ashoka is said to have built innumerable stupas in Nepal. Two surviving examples, much restored, may derive from the Ashokan period. These are the remarkable Swayambhunath and Boudhanath stupas in Kathmandu. Both stupas share unique Nepalese architectural features. Surmounting the conventional dome is a "steeple" raised on thirteen diminishing tiers to symbolize the thirteen Buddhist heavens. Yet more striking is the design of the square base (harmika) from which the tiers rise. The harmika is gilded, and a face gazes with immense eyes of inlaid metal and ivory from each side. One explanation for this unique Nepalese iconography is that the eyes suggest a solar cult expressed on some Hindu temples by "sun-faces". A second idea is that the temple represents the "Primal man" (mahapurusha) of early Hinduism. Buddhist theory would suggest that the eyes are a sign of the "all-seeing" Buddha. Visitors are certainly struck by the way in which the eyes follow them as they move round the stupa precincts.

Geographically various kind of climates in Nepal.

Weather and Climate
Nepal has got almost kind of climates around the earth. Geographically it gets different kinds of climates in different places where the Northern side from the North-East to North-South is locke by Himalayan Range where included 8 highest top peaks with Mt. Everest in top ten around the world. In the middle from East to West totally high Hills having some beautiful valleys somewhere which covered more than half percent of whole Nepal and Southern part where is totally plane so this physical of geographically gets the various weather and climates throughout the country. Nepal’s weather is generally predictable and pleasant. There are four climatic seasons: March–May (spring), June–August (summer), September–November (autumn) and December–February (winter). In winter, average maximum and minimum temperatures in the Terai range from a brisk 7ºC (45ºF) to a mild 23ºC (74ºF). The central valleys experience a minimum temperature often falling bellow freezing point and a chilly 12ºC (54ºF) maximum. Much colder temperatures prevail at higher elevations. The Kathmandu Valley, at an altitude of 1,310m (4,297ft), has a mild climate, ranging from 19-27ºC (67-81ºF) in summer, and 2-20ºC (36-68ºF) in winter.

           Monsoon season is approximately from the end of June to the middle of September. About 80% of Nepal's annual rainfall is during that period, so the remainder of the year is pretty dry. Spring and autumn are the most pleasant seasons; winter temperatures drop to freezing, with a high level of snowfall in the mountains, while high summer can be blisteringly hot. Summer and late spring temperatures range from 28ºC (83ºF) in the hill regions to more than 40ºC (104ºF) in the Terai.

Mount Everest is 1 of top 10 stunning destinations.

Mount Everest is 1 top 10 stunning.

Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world where the first climbed by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Sherpa (Nepali) in 1953. Which is being pride of Nepalese since, now added once more thing which an American publishing and media company forbes has quoted that Mount Everest has been enlisted in one of the highest peak top 1 in ten for stunning travel and destination around the world. Mt. Everest is a part of the Mahalangur Himal a link in the Himalayan Range. Mt. Everest soaring 26,035 feet highest peak on the earth. The name of Mt. Everest in Nepali Sagarmatha which means ' Goddes of the Sky' and in Tibetan words Chomolungma means ' Mother of the Universe' both names are perfectly fitting as there is no one other mountain grand as Everest. Greenfield has quoted and Peter Friedman a trip expert.

          Perhaps Mount Everes is nature's most magnificent creation. Certainly it is raison the d'tere ( reason for existence) in the climbing world. Beth greenfield of the Forbes magazine has quoted for a travel planner. According to the Nepal government statistics over 3000 climbers have scaled Everest and annually more than 32,000 tourist visit the Everest Region for trekking and expedition particularly, Khumbu or Everest region has two tourist seasons, March-April-May in Spring and September-October-November in Autumn seasons. The region receives highest mountaineers and trekkers in Spring. From this news is really most point for the Nepal to increase tourist from the all foreign countries to visit in Nepal. Which will really support to develop country as well. Mostly the Government should think for in long way to and make plan from now is necessary with out being delay on and on.


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Nepal's most valuable places of World Heritage.

Nepal has not only the valuable sources or things itself it also carrying the 'outstanding universal values'  those are World Heritage. In Nepal UNESCO has nominated ten lists in World Heritage which is the arm of the United Nations that promotes protection of cultural and natural heritage worldwide, to list nine more locations in the country as World Heritage Sites. UNESCO it has own criteria to nominate in Heritage it has to rich ten criteria for the world heritage list, six location is applying to cultures living and dead and four location is for natural sites. In Nepal other so many places have possibilities to be list in World Heritage so also proposed in such  places in addition. Nepals has such lots of Valuable things gives from our Ancestor and Nature , but still Nepalese are being backwards in giving specific indentidy in present. It's struggling underdeveloping country and fight it's own bad things though that special things already had in. That locations are as follows.

A Living Cultural Heritage:
Nepal's heritage is alive and dynamic. Shamanism, animism & Witch craft are still practiced in remote regions Temples, shrines monuments and monasteries are extremely active with devotees burning butter-lamps, singing hymns, chiming temple bells and playing drums.

World Heritage Sites (Natural):

Everest National Park (1148 Sq. Kms.)

Royal Chitawan National Park (923 Sq. Kms.)

World Heritage Site (Cultural):

Swayambhu

Bouddha

Bhaktapur

Changunarayan

Pashupatinath

Kathmandu Durbar Square

Patan Durbar Square

Lumbini

National Parks:

Royal Barida National Park (968 sq. Kms.)

Langtang National Park (1710 sq. Kms.)

Shey-Phoksundo National Park (355 sq. Kms.)

Rara National Park (106 sq. Kms.)

Khapted National Park (225 sq. Kms.)

Makalu-Barun National Park (2330 sq. Kms.)

Wildlife Reserve:

Sukla Phanta Reserve (305 sq. Kms.)

Parsa Reserve (499 sq. Kms.)

Koshi-Tappu Reserve (175 sq. Kms.)

Conservation Areas:

Annapurna (2600 sq. Kms.)

Makalu-Barun (2330 sq. Kms.)

Hunting Reserve:

Dhorpatan (1325 sq. Kms.)

Wildlife:This country harbors one of the world's best habitat for One horned rhino, Royal Bengal tiger, Show-Leopard, Clouded-Leopard, Red panda, Blue-sheep and long snouted fish eating Gharial. Other wildlife includes wild elephant, buffaloes, bisons, blue bell, Brown, bear, Sloth bear, Leopard, crocodiles and many varieties of cat, dog, deer and antelope families. And 840 different species of wetland, migratory and residential birds.

Endangered Species:Tiger, Rhino, Snow Leopard, Clouded Leopard Red Panda, Brown Bear, Asamese Macaque, Gangetic Dolphin, Wolf, Wild Elephant, Giant horn-bill, Swamp deer, Wild yak, Nayan, Tibetan antelope, Black buck, Four horned antelope, Musk deer pigmy hog, Haspd hare, Pangolin, Gharial, Indian bustard, Saras Crane, Impean Pheasant, Python.

Source from:http://nepalvisitors.com/world_heritage.htm

How beauty is Nepal in Natures.



Naturally Nepal is really beautiful country towards the world. Which has so many many things given from the Nature such like, Ten top highest mountains including Mt. Everst, lots of Rivers, Lakes (Tilicho is in the top of world), Caves, Various type of Hills, Plants, artistic monuments, exotic wildlife and diverse cultures. It is the land where Lord Buddha was born over 2,500 years ago. Nepal is primarily an agricultural country. Tourism, Carpets and Garments are the major industries. Enhancement is everywhere, be it on the shoulders of high mountains, on terraced farmlands meticulously craved like stairways out of hill ridges, on cascading mountain rivulets and rushing rivers, or in forests full of wildlife, flowers and bird song. Nepal provides something for everybody tourist, trekker, river runner, wildlife enthusiast, poet, artist, or the weary in search of a personal shangrila.

Climatic conditions with in Nepal vary from one place to another in accordance with the geographical features. In the north, summers are cool and winters severe, while in the south summers are sub-tropical and winters mild. The monsoon that brings rain from June through September affects most of the country except those that lie in the rain-shadow areas like Mustang which is within Nepal but a part of the Tibetan plateau. Large tracts of forested land have been preserved as national parks and wildlife reserves where endangered species like the Royal Bengal tiger and the Greater one-horned rhinoceros roam freely along with an amazing variety of mammals and reptiles that include bear, leopards, hyenas, wild boar, wild elephants, monitor lizards, crocodiles, pythons, turtles and various species of insects and birds.

 

Nepalese please, be sincere about our these nature beauties to preserve honestly which is our pride. And also request to the other countries rest of world don't try to destroy the nature which can be destroying creatures by ownself too.

Adventurious Hiking in Nepal.

Hiking In Nepal:

Actually Nepal is to treasures of adventurious place located. Which has 68% hills and 15% mountainers covered the whole area of Nepal's so such things make lots of Historical and Adventurious places in Nepal.These hills of Nepal are popular for hiking. Hiking provides you with spectacular views of the mountains and the deep valleys, as well as a chance to become acquainted with the Nepali people’s lifestyle, their art, architecture and cultural traditions. There are many popular areas for one or two day hikes. Such as like:

Kakani Kakani is popular for panoramic mountains views of Annapurna (8091m/ 26,545ft), Manasalu (8165m/ 26,781ft), Ganesh Himal (7446m/ 24,422ft), Lantang lirung (7245m/ 23,763ft) and 20 other mountains over 6000 meters (19,680ft) above sea level. You can also see the natural beauty of the Kathmandu Valley, the people and their culture and traditions. This is a one day trip from Kathmandu.

Nagarkot Nagarkot is situated east of the Kathmandu Valley at an elevation of about 1800 meters (5,904ft). This spot is popular for mountain views particularly at sunrise and sunset. Among the 25 mountains above 6000 meters (19,680ft), Annapurna (8091m/ 26,545ft), Manasalu (8165m/ 26,781ft), Ganesh Himal (7446m/ 24,422ft) and Lantang lirung (7245m/ 23,763ft) can be seen. This is also a one day trip from Kathmandu.

Phulchowki It is one of the most prominent peak 2829m/ 9050ft. high, which surrounds the valley of Kathmandu. This mountain, as it’s name suggests ( Phul means flower in Nepali) is a natural garden of wild roses, yellow jasmine, iris and other native flowers. The summit is a rich grove of rhododendrons of various hues. A jeep able road leads to the top of the hill where there is a Buddhist shrine. A youthful hiker stands a good chance of scaling the peak in a little more than three hours. The place has all the makings of a peaceful resort area

Nagarjun It is about 10km/6.2 miles from Kathmandu city. There is a Buddhist shrine at the top, which is very holy for both Buddhist and Hindus. To reach the top one has to climb for about 15 to 20 minutes. From this point a panoramic view of the Himalaya ranges can be seen.

Dhulikhel Dhulikhel is situated in the central part of Nepal. This is just 32 km from the Kathmandu valley. The main attractions of Dhulikhel are the grand and panoramic mountains views, numerous temples, and different types of landscape and a diversity of people. This ancient town is situated 30 km east of Kathmandu. It is a popular Himalayan viewpoint. From there you can have a complete panoramic view of the snowy ranges from Karyolung in the east to Himalchuli in the west. The old part of this town is an interesting area to wander around with some fine old Nepalese buildings and several interesting temples. From there you can also take a day trip to the Tibet border or Tatopani, a place which is famous for hot sulfur spring.

Daman Sitauted at a height of 2100m/7500ft. above sea level, and a distance of 80km/ 50 miles. Daman is known for it’s vantage location in viewing the Himalayan peaks such as Mt. Everest, Annapurna, Manaslu, Ganesh Himal, Langtang, Dorjelakpa, Gaurishankar, Cho yu etc. There is a view tower from where one can have a panoramic view of 300 miles of the Himalayan range.

Pokhara The rare combinations of snow clad peaks and snow fed lakes and rivers has helped to make the valley of Pokhara ( 210 km/ 31 miles from Kathmandu) one of the most picturesque natural attraction in the Kingdom. A must for all visitors to Pokhara valley is the Fewa lake. A half day excursion of the Pokhara market, the cap factory and Seti gorge. For people with more time in hand can visit the Begnas and Rupa Tal or take a 3 hours hike to Sarangkot or Hyangja. Pokhara is accessible daily by road or air from Kathmandu.

Sarangkot Situated in the western part of Nepal at an elevation of about 1700 meters (5,576ft),is very popular for mountain scenery. Here you can see panoramic views of Annapurna (8091m/ 26,545ft), Manasalu (8165m/ 26,781ft), Ganesh Himal (7446m/ 24,422ft), Dhaulagiri (8167m/ 26,795ft), Machhapuchare (the sacred mountain) and 25 other mountains over 6000 meters (19,680ft) high. This area also offers you views of the Pokhara Valley with all its natural beauty. Sarangkot is another spot renown for seeing the sunrise over the Himalayas. This is a one day trip from Pokhara.

Gorkha Gorkha is situated in the western part of Nepal. The main attraction at Gorkha is the16th century royal palace. Also of interest is the temple of the most powerful and popular god, Kalika. This is decorated with ancient art and architecture. Three mountains ranges, the Manasalu, Annapurna and Ganesh Himal which include more than 40 mountains, surround the area. Here you can see the culture of the western ethnic groups.

Tansen Situated on the slope of a hill called Shreenagar Danda, Tansen is a bright Himalayan town. It is also the most popular summer resort of western Nepal on account of its position and climate. It has perhaps Nepal’s most far stretching views of the country chef attraction - The Himalayas, from Dhawagiri in the west to Gaurishankar in the north east.

Adventurious Rafting in Nepal.

 Rafting/Kayaking/Canyoning

Now the most of people like to be adventurious. Such adventures are risk of life though there is extra emotional feelings can be get or feel in real. So people are trying to do the adventures activities in life. There are lots of ways to be involve in adventures likewise Rafting, hiking, climbing etc.Rafting is one of the best ways to explore the typical cross section of natural as well as ethno-cultural heritage of the country. There are numerous rivers in Nepal which offer excellent rafting or canoeing experience. You can glide on calm jade waters with munificent scenery all about or rush through roaring white rapids, in the care of expert river-men employed by government authorized agencies. One can opt for day of river running or more. So far, the government has opened sections of 10 rivers for commercial rafting. The Trisuli river (Grade 3+) is one of the most popular of Nepal’s raftable rivers. The Kali Gandaki (5-5+) winds through remote canyons and deep gorges for five days of intense rapids. The Bhote Koshi (4-5) is 26km of continuous white water and the raging Marshyanghi is four days of uninterrupted white water. The Karnali river (4-5) provides some of the most challenging rapids in the world. The Sun Koshi (4-5), 27km, requiring 8-10 days to complete, is a big and challenging river. Adventurers are provided with world-class services by rafting agents. Agencies here provide life jackets, camping and the standard rafting paraphernalia needed by world-class rafting. An extremely popular sport in Europe, cannoning is now available in Nepal. Cannoning gives you the freedom to explore some of the most ruggedly beautiful, yet forbidden places in the world.

Welcome to Nepal have an Adventurious Experiences once in a LIFE. 

Nepal has to increase investors in Hydro-power sector.

In current situation Nepal has massive loadshedding problem which needs investments in high range of investors to the Hydro power sector to produce electricity because which is directly affectings development of nation.So, now the crucial factor for the construction of Hydro projects is the big investment required, which Nepal is not able to mobilies with the private sector hesitating to venturein the power sector because of unstable politics and vague politicies regarding it. It obviously suggests that foreign investment has to flow in the sector to tap the huge potential that lies to be tapped. Herein it would be relevant to point out that in a century since hydro-power was introduced in Nepal the country has not been able to generate even 1000MW of electricity. This speaks of the apathetic attitude as regards the utilisation of the vast water resources for the generation of power in Nepal.

           Nepal has to invite foreign investors for making their valuable investments in the hydro power sector. For this, both India and China are potential investors. They are keenly interested in investing in the sector which would first of all benefit Nepal. At the moment, in Nepal main cause is having through the unstable politics situation which is effecting in every field and sector all peoples comes on protesting in even small matter that is not good for country. If any concerning the local people and the environtment impact have to be taken into account, but protests and blockades for their sake cannot be the justifiable means. It is not only frustrating to the investors but also the people and the country which has to do without the additional power being generated within the stipulated time.

Poverty forces mother to smother kids and Hang Self.

Still in Nepal there are having smothering to the childs the reasons of Poverty.Which affects directly to the new generations and future of their as well as their nation future.Likewise it's newly happened in southern part of Nepal. A 26 old mother of two childs should have been smothering her children with affection but abjects poverty had her at wit's end forcing her to smother her three years old son and eight month old daughter and hang  herself. According, to Inspector Area police of office, kolbi, her husband Mukti, a labourer had

informed his neighbours after finding his wife and children dead upon returning from a neighbouring village late at night. Their bodies have been sent to a hospital in Kalaiya for postmortem. Inspector said preliminary investigation suggested that she could have committed such a hinous act due to grinding poverty.

              According to her neighbour said that she was deprssed the whole day, brooding over how to manage Rs.130 the monthly fee for her three years old son's education. She wept herself into a state of exhaustion as she talked about her inability to manage the money. She is adding Mukti and wife Ramita were indeed having a hard time with hand to mouth existence. Later at night we had to hear the bad news of them.

Process of succession in hydrosere.

Such water sources in Nepal are lots likewise, ponds, rivers, lakes and mountainers. These sources of water make the Nepal 2nd riches of water sources in the World. But Unfortunate Nepal still can't get success to utilize and the reason effects directly develop on country region.The process of succession occuring in water mass like ponds, pools or lakes is known as hydrosere. In pond, phytoplanktons (cyanobacteria, algae, diatoms and bacteria) are the pioneers to be invade in the early pond water. These phytoplanktons are consumed by zooplanktons (protozoans) or by smaller fishes etc. which after their death increase the organic content in the pond. These are decomposed by fungi and bacteria and the nutrients are released which supports the growth of rooted submerged hydrophytes (Hydrilla, Chara, Vallisneria, Utricularia, etc.) in the shallow water zone. The hydrophytes as well as submerged animal die and are decomposed by microbes thereby releasing nutrients. In due course of time, due to accumulation of organic matters and silting process water depth of pond is reduced and at the margin or edges there grow some rooted floating plants like Nymphaea, Nelumbo, trapa, etc and floating animals like Hydra, insect larvae, etc. Gradually the water depth is further decreased if drought or high evaporation rate occurs due to intense sun light but deposition of organic matters and concentration of nutrients increases. Then some freely floating plants like Azolla, Salvinia, Pistia, etc. increase in number in such condition of high nutrients. Gradually dead bodies increase in the pond resulting further build up of the substratum, ponds become further shallower. Ath this stage the pond becomes swampy so amphibious species such as Typa, Rumex, Sagittaria, etc. appear with roots in water and shoot are exposer to air.
             If water level further decreases then the conditions become unfavourable for the growth of amphibious species and favourable for plant of Cyperaceae, Graminae (e.g. Juncus, Cyperus, etc.). These plants are then replaced by mesic (moderately moist habitat) communities. As the soil becomes further drier for most of the time of year, then terrestrial plants like Salix, Cornus, etc. grow and the soil favours the growth of trees like Alnus, Populus etc. woodland community appear by the time there is much collection of humus with microbes and tree species in the area. Woodland community develops into the forest community which is the climax stage.

Reservation of Wildlife in Nepal.

Now in the world such some of wildlife's are in situation that going to disappear from this earth. The reason of human being destroying their habitats and living bases. In oneside, human being developing the other side is destroying the nature and nature's creations too, the reasons come to endangerours situation for some Wildlifes. But this meant not only for the wildlife it can be slowly coming towards the Human being Nature too then at that situation who will take reservations? This is really most thinkable and should be prepare for from now and today.
            The Wildlife reserves include the conservation and management of animal and their habitats. Rare and endangered or particular animals are conserved in the Wildlife reserves through proper management of their habitats in order to increase the number. Like national parks, poaching or hunting of wildlife, cutting of trees, carrying domestic animals and making houses inside the park are strictly prohibited. People are also not allowed. Facilities related to develop the tourism are also not allowed. The total area of wildlife reserve in Nepal is 979 sq. km. Wildlife reserve is a reserved area for the protection of wildlife. Collection of forest products, cutting trees for timber are allowed provided they do not affect animals. Some of Reservaton Area of Nepal in List.

1. Parsa Wildlife Reserve -                                         Area: 499km
2. Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve-                              Area:175km
3. Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve-                              Area:305km

The Green Architecture are Adaptive reuse of Traditional Buildings.

A few month ago there was one project conducted which was for Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) technology transfer project.It was being phased out and it was found necessary to present this technology to the local construction sector within the context of 'green building'. The notion of green architecture has started permeating the discussions of the conscientious citizens. Architecture students seem to be showing growing interest in green concepts. Even marketing strategies seem to see profitability in the green image. Very often it is green eye-wash that is sold to the consumer, who does not want to question the tag that states how 'green' the products is. The use of our natural resources and consumption of energy have a direct impact on our environment. We need to see this within an overall system of sustainable development which as per the Brundtland Report of 1987 would mean 'development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'. It has been 20 years since the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, where it became clear that 'unsustainable consumption and production patterns formed the biggest threat to the earth's capacity to satisfy human needs'. Some progress has been made but clearly it is not enough.
      The construction industry and building is one of the sectors  with the highest consumption of energy and the greatest productions waste and pollution. It is therefore, a very strategic place to begin reducing our footprint on the resources and environment of this finite earth. There are a plethora of solutions being churned out and marketed under the veil of green architecture but there is a lack of assessment and control to verify their effectiveness.

Major Climatic Variations of Ecosystem.

Variation in the physical and chemical aspects of the environment are common and normal.The kinds of plants, together with climatic and edaphic factors, influence the number and distribution of the various kinds of animals, and turn, many influence plants. Various ecological factors such as light, temperature, soil, water, etc. vary with time (temporal variation) and space (spatial variation). These factors are involved at each level of organization. Various ecological factors have been grouped into direct and indirect factors. Direct factors are light, temperature, moisture of air or soil and soil nutrients. Indirect factors include the wind, altitude, slope of the land and soil & soil organism.           All direct factors are major but temperature and moisture vary much in an environment. Their variation has great influence on distribution of plants and animals in various ways. Warm blooded animals tend to maintain their body temperature both in cold and hot conditions by various ways such as fact layer in the skin, hair or feathers, increasing metabolic rate etc. Temperature  variation caused due to different intensity of solar radiations has both spatial and temporal variations among the plants. Temperature variation is it decreases towards the poles. Besides these plant cover, water content  of soil , topographical factors, etc. also affect the temperature of the area.
  Moisture also varies according to place, season, altitude etc. Rainwater, snowfall, dew, frost, hail etc. result the change of moisture of atmosphere. Atmosphere moisture is in the form of vapour, known as humidity and humidity of air is expressed in terms of relative humidity ( i.e % of moisture in air compared to the amount of moisture which air can hold at saturations at the existing temperature). Humidity is affected by many factors such as light intensity, temperature, altitude, wind, exposure water content of soil etc.

Government plans to sign labour pacts.

Deal with Malaysia, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Oman in pipeline.

The government is preparing to sign labour agreements with five countires, where Nepalis travel to as migrant workers within the current fiscal year. Preparations to sign labour agreements with Malaysia, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Oman are in the final stages, said spokesperson of the Ministry of Labour and Transport Management Buddhi Bahadur Khadka. We have forwarded our draft to them, he said, adding that all the concerned countries are positive about it and the labour contract with these five countries is expected to be finalised within this fiscal year. The Government had signed a labour contract with Malaysia one of the most preferred destinations for Nepali foreign job aspirants in 2007 but it was not renewed after two years, Anew agreement will be signed with Malaysia keeping in mind the changing labour market scenario, he said.
           About 400,000 Nepalis are believed to be working in the destination but the Malaysian government's record reveals that there were only 283,000 Nepali workers till August last year. Likewise, Israel is a lucrative destination for Nepali women migrant workers but it is not migrant workers but it is not hiring many Nepali's at present. Just 112 Nepali women have reached Israel as caregivers after the destination reopened two months back. Israel had banned Nepali women since April24, 2009. Among other destinations with whom a labour agreement is planned, lebanon tops the chart as the destination was banned by the Nepali government following 15 suicides in 2009. The legislative parliament has ordered for the destination to be reopened after labour contact is finalised. A labour contract with the destination country ensures the safety of workers including rights to seek legal remedy. Labour contracts between countries which send and which receive workers is a must for safe migrantion but destination countries are jusally not in favour of signing the agreement.
            Other countries with whom the Nepali government has planned to sign a labour agreement are Jordan and Oman. It had allowed workers to go to Jordan last year following a six year ban. Twelve Nepalis killed in Iraq had gone through Jordan to Iraq in August 31, 2004. There are about 40,000 Nepali migrant workers in Oman.

Marriage: an outdated institution?

MARRIAGE:

                        How many of you have been in this situation, you are attending a relative's marriage and you sense two pairs of wrinkled eyes staring at you. Though you don't know what they are mumbling to each other, you still know that their topic of you interest is you. Then they will invariably ask you ' Are you married?'. Now that you know the situation being referred  to you must be a smile or a frown. Amidst all these, there are so many questions unanswered. Why does one have to marry? Is marriage the answer to everything? If your marriage is not working so divorce the easy way out? Are extra marital affairs inevitable? Your mind can play games if you let it wander, so give it a rest and explore the institution called marriage.

             First and foremost why and how did the concept of marriage emerge? If we look into the history ' in Vedic period and Indus valley civilazation the concept of famil existed. However in pre-historic times there was no concept of marriage, but much later the idea of security led to development of community. Gradually, it evolved into marriage guided by religion and philosophy' says Ramesh Dhungel, Cultural and History Expert at Research Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University. He is also a member at High Level State Restructuring Commission. The topic of marriage is often of interest to many and not everyone has the same view. There are various versions of it. A couple married for 30 years who choose to remain anonymous, believes that marriage is a must. According to them there are several reasons such as ' to run a family, for social security, prestige, religious aspect and to procreate'. So it doesn't matter whether the couple is in love or not? More than love, marriage is based on understanding of the two individuals and when they stay together, understanding becomes stronger and love comes along' answers the husband. It looks like marriage is must to continue one's lineage and security. Perhaps, that's the reason coaxing a person especially a woman to get married after a certain age spreads like a virus. But does that imply that a single person remains unhappy? Most of people says just waiting for the 'right person' in life to marry, then isn't means that just a utopian aspect? However, marriage was created to maintain discipline in society, as per Dhungel.

                  What if a person gets married and has extra marital affairs? What is the point of marrying then? Extra marital affairs are created by situation and age but it's not permanent and it should not affect the marriage. 92% of the people both men and women have indulged in extra marital affairs. Then how can he/she trust the person in marriage life? And it comes complains each other and marriage life then some of questions come to live-in-relationship instead of marriage. If two people love each other committed and without  any lies in the relationship are happy. What is wrong with that? even Dhungel adds if live-in-relationship increasse then there will be less marital affairs. There are cases of extra marital affairs but due to scocietal pressure people choose to keep mum and deal with it. Which will give another aspect: Divorce comes into scene. At one hand where people remain silent about extra marital affairs, others cannot tolerate it and seek divorce. There are many cases where people want divorce in extra marital affairs being the cause. but here woman who face domestic violence are the people who seek for divorce.

            In addition, Dhungel predicts that divorce rate will drastically increase ' after 10 to 20 years  the scenario will be completely different. There will be more live-in-relations. It exist even today but due to lack of legal provision it is not out in the open. Irony is a part of life and marriage isn't spared. The concept of marriage was created for the sense of security and dependency to an extent, but given the entire situation, is the instution of marriage dying? At present the concept of marriage is in a state of confusion with influence of Eurocentric modernity. So, the institution of marriage is under severe challenge as it's in a transition form. It cannot be avoided and society has to deal with it.

Federalism in Nepal.

Geo physical compulsions    

        The debateon restructuring of the state in Nepal entered a critical phase after conflicting reports submitted to the Prime Minister separately by the two factions of a most controversial 'Commission on Restructuring of the State' constituted by the government. Although federalism is a commitment made by the major political parties, the future fo federalism is in oblivion attributed to lack of national consensus and understanding to design pragmatic criteria for etablishing it.

       In the world, there are altogether 148 countries including China having Unitary System and federalism in practiced in 45 countries comprising Dual Federalism, Cooperative Federalism. The Dual Federalism exists as a 'Layer-cake' in Mexico, Malaysia, Russia and also as a 'Coordinate authority' in Australia, Canada, India, Pakistan and USA. Likewise, Cooperative Federalism held its sway as 'Interdependent spheres' in Germany, Brazil and South Africa (unitary) and in the form of a 'marble-cake' in Belgium (territorial-3 and linguistic-4). The deadline for constitution-making in Nepal is approaching fast with the extremely popular verdict of the Supreme Court that Constituent Assembly of Nepal should promulgate the new constitution within the next six months of the judgement, and the Constituent Assembly term will expire on May-27, 2012. In case of failure to do so, the Supreme Court also empthatically directed for holding a referendum or alternatively to organize the next election for the CA. Thus this is the last opportunity for the CA either to do or die. The progress in constitution-making is highly exasperating, largely attributed to inefficiency and growing obsession of major political parties toward indefinitely sustaining the so called transition with the inconsequential and reprehensible role of CA. Nepal's florious civilization dates back to antiquity and the history of unified modern Nepal is in existence for over the last 240 years. The fall of monarchy and the rise of republican order resiliently demanded establishing federalism in Nepal. At this critical juncture and with the last leg of constitution making it is a great privilege for the entire Nepali populace to decide the type of federalism to be set up and the legal modus operandi to ensure sovereignty, national integrity, peace and stability, ethnic and cultural harmony and progress and prosperity in a burgeoning economy.

             To effectively establish federalism there is a need to constitute a high level expert-team of eminent authorities on various areas of federalism to scientifically determine the territory of the proposed provinces considering the population, infrastructure, natural resources, biodiverstiy, etc.

      

Nepal Averts being blacklisted in narrow.

    Nepal has narrowly averted being listed as one of the countries with fertile grounds for financial crime, as the plenary meeting of the global anti-money laundering body, Financial Action Task Force (FATF),
held in France and decided to let Nepal remain in the 'grey list' until June. Considering the fate of some of the booming economies in south east. Asia like Indonesia and Thailand which were given equal rating as Nepal by the FATF last october but were downgraded to 'black list' during meeting in France. Nepal has something to rejoice about but the country would not have been able to make such a narrow escape had it not expressed commitments at varioud levels to adopt stringent measures to control money laundering and acts of terror financing, according to Finance Secretary Krishna hari Banskota.
          The Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai at various forums has pleged to comply with all FATF measures if the country is given some more time to settle political differences. The finance minister has gone a step forward and sent a letter to the FATF citing Nepal's commitments to fight money laundering and terror financing, he told media person, the governer of the Central Bank and I (finance secretary) have expressed similar commitments with our foreign counterparts. During the meeting of last FATF an intergovernmental body that creates standards for fighting financial crimes had asked Nepal to comply with 49 recomendations to avert being labeled as a country that does not check illegal flow for terrorist activites.
         In this regard, Nepal was asked to criminalize acts of money laundering and terror financing before the FATF meeting in France from February-15-17. It was also recommended that the country develop mechanisms to identify and freeze terrorist assets and confiscate funds related to money laundering. Besides, enactment of law on mutual legal assistance was also prescribe so that international authorities invedtigating financial crime can legally exchange information with Nepal.

NEPAL WILL NOW HAVE TO FORMULATE OR AMEND LAWS FOR CONTROLLING FINANCIAL CRIME BY JUNE.

Moving forward with local plans for change of climate in Nepal.

AIMED  at developing a participatory mechanism to mangae lake watersheds through strenghthened commynity initiatives, the Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD) piloted the Exploring Climate Adaptive Mechanism on Watershed Management within the Local Adaptation Plans of Action (LAPA) framework design in Rupa Lake Watershed of Kaski district. The pilot followed participatory approaches and tools for community consultations, orentations, capacity building, and scoping of the watershed on climate change and watershed management issues.

            The area in general has experienced increased temperature erratic and intense rainfall. A major indicator of climate change as perceived by the local community due to prolonged drought and erratic rainfall has also affected the agriculture  workforce which is turning towards migration. Farmers have experienced a delay in major rainfall patterns  from june-august to july-september Incidence of pests has also increased especially due to fog and prolonged drought. The pilot recommends a number of climate change adaptation strategies at the watershed level.

            Since social assets are important from the climate change adaptation perspective a synergistic association of community organisations and development of social cohesion is essential.

Birth of Buddha in Nepal.

There was in Kapilvastu a Sakya king, strong of purpose  and reverenced by all men a descendant of the Okkakas who call them selves Gotama and hhis name was Suddhodhan or Pure -Rice. His wife Mayadevi was beautiful as the water-lily and pure mind as the lotus. As the Queen of Heaven she lived on earth untainted by desire and immaculate. The king, her husband honored her in her holiness and the spirit of truth, glorious and strong in his wisdom like unto a white elephant descented upon her. When she knew that the hour of motherhood was near she asked the king to send her home to her parents and Suddhodhan anxious about his wife and the child she would bear him willingly granted her request.
         At Lumbini there is a beautiful grove and when Mayadevi passed through it the trees one mass of fragrant flowers and many birds were warebling in their branches. The Queen wishing to stroll through the shady walks, left her golden palanquin and when she reached the giant sala tree in the midst of the grove felt that her hour had come. She took hold of a branch her attendants hung a curtain about her and retired. When the pain of travail came upon her four pure minded angels of the great Brahma held out a golden net to receive the babe, who came forth from her right side like the rising sun bright and perfect. The Brahma angels took the child and placing him before the mother said. Rejoice O Queen a mightly son has been born unto thee.
             At her couch stood an aged woman imploring the heavens to bless the child  All the worlds were flooded with light. The blind recveived theri sight by longing to see the coming glory of the Lord the deaf and dumb spoke with one another of the good omens indicating the birht of the Buddha to be. The crooked became straight the lame walked. All prisoners were freed from their chains and the fires of all the hells were extinguished. No clouds gathered in the skies and the polluted streams became clear whilst celestial music rang through the air and the angels rejoiced  with gladness. The royal father was now full of joy and now sore distressed. The queen mother beholding her child and the commotion which his birth created felt in her timorous heart the pangs of doubt.
               Now there was at that time in a grove near Lumbini, Asita a rishi. He was a Brahman of dignified mien. famed not only for wisdom and scholarship but also for his skill in the interpretation of signs. And the king invited him to see the royal babe. The seer beholding the prince wept and sighed deeply and when the king saw the tears of Asita he became alarmed and asked, ' Why has the sight of my son caused thee grief and pain?' But Asita's heart rejoiced and knowing the king's mind to be perplexed  he addressed him saying, The king has begotten a wondrously noble son. I worship this child. and the gods in the temples will descend from their places of honor to adore him. Banish all anxiety and doubt, The spiritual omens manifested indicated that the child now born will bring deliverance to the whole world. He will either be a king of kings to govern all the lands of the earth, or verify will become a Buddha.
                When the royal parents heard Asita's words they rejoiced in their hearts and named their new born infant Siddhartha that is he who has accomplished his purpose. And the queen said to her sister Pajapati, A mother who has borne a future Buddha will never give birth to another child. I shall soon leave this world, my husband the king and Siddhartha my child. When I am gone be thou a mother to him And pajapati wept and promised. When the queen had departed from the living Pajapati took the boy Siddhartha and reared  him. The royal child grew ferom day to day in mind and in body and truth fulness and love resided in his heart.

In the face of climate change in Nepal's Himalayas.

Eco Clubs as Youth and Climate Change Agents.        Bimala Poudel is a member of Numuna Eco Club in Neelkantha Secondary School in Dhaibung of Rasuwa district in Langtang. In the past she used to be like everybody else, listening to the weather forecast at the end of every radio news bulletin. Nowadays, she has a different role, she keeps a record of local weather station in her school at 8:45 am everyday to record temperatures. Bimala says, 'From the Weather Station, we are well informed about maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall patterns and humidity. Since agriculture is the mainstay of my village, sharing this information with my community helps them adjust and adapt their farming practices suited to the changing climate.
               Weather Stations were established by WWF-NEPAL and Langtang National Park and Buffer Zone Support Project in five schools in Rasuwa district of Langtang where the eco club associated with each school are responsible for operating the Weather Station and ensuring maximum studen participation. Through the Weather Station, the local community on the hydrometeorological sector and disseminating information on climate condition to them on a regular basis.
               The Weather Stations are part of WWF-NEPAL's pilot project on climate adaptation in Langtang supported by UKAID  and WWF-UK which also includes a robust sustainable livelihoods program. While serving to bridge the information gap on climate-related information for local communities the Weather Stations are a simple technology that allows local youth to apply this information towards ensuring food security for their community which is a key issue interlinked with climate change in Nepal's Himalayas.

Youth and Climate Change in WWF-NEPAL.

Helping pave the way for sustainable carbon financing in Nepal.
In the face of climate change and its challenges at both a local and global scale, carbon financing has come as an opportunity to combat climate change by promoting renewable energy, engergy efficiency and forest carbon related projects. Local communities are the stewards of nature conservation and when the world is looking towards solution to combat climate change, it si vital to engage local communities in this process. WWF-Nepal, with the support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, Embassy of Finland, USAID, and the WWF network offices in Finland, US and UK is helping build a team of trained local resource persons (LRPs) and students on forest carbon and REDD+ issues. The opportunity bridges local level knowledge and enhances capacities and the technical skills of local youth, government officials and aspiring students on forest carbon and inventory issues, 148LRPs have been trained on forest carbon inventory in Nepal's two biggest conservation landscapes the Terai Are Landscape (TAL) and the Sacred Himalayan Landscape (SHL). The training runs for 5 days and includes both theory and practical sessions before doing field-level work.
          The LRPs proved instrumental in developing the forest carbon status in TAL. which is now being replicated in SHL, with plans to upscale it in Chitwan-Annapurna Linkage, using both students and replicated in LRPs. Thid engagement will help local people understand the technicalities behind REDD+and the complexities behind the process. This will also serve as a platform for local youth to share views on scio-economic issues the local drivers for deforestation and degradation, sustainable management of forest, forest carbon enhancement, benefit sharing and the role of forests for both adaptaion and mitigation.

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One Nation many Tongues.

Language rights for all is a pertinent topic for discussion in our Constituent Assembly.

As everything in Nepal is mixed with politics, language is no exception. The politicization of language in the country began noticeably after Drabya Shah was crowned the King of Gorkha by replacing the Magar King in the 16th century. Since then, the rulers of the Baise and Chaubise Rajyas (the groups of 22 and 24 states which lie in present-day-western Nepal) voluntarity and psychologically embraced the dominance of Khas culture and Nepali language under the Gorkha rule of king Prithvi Narayan Shah. It can thus be argued that the 1720s were a remarkable decade for that was when language became a contentious issue in Nepali politics. Not only the Shah dynasty but the Ranas who took over power in 1846 and made the Shah kings mere figure heads, had also given special nourishment to the Nepali language by undermining other languages. Due to such special protection given by various rules in the 18th and 19th centuries a number of major development mile stones such as standardization of literature, dictionary preparation and codification in Nepali were achieved.
                 A closer look at history about how the state treated the languages reveals that the treatment was driven by political will. The culture of a country is indeed judged by the way it treats and respects linguistic minorities. But our earlier experiences and practices show that we have failed to rightfully address the country's linguistic diversity. For this, the role of languages should be identified as per their function in the country rather than for the sake of governing support and political advancement. Once might consider the  fact that if we impose a particular language based on political power, it will turn out to be a toxin for us. In a multilingual country like Nepal, forcing a language upon the people by the state is really a perilous issue.

Ecosystem procedure.

Ecosystem is most important to be continueing to alive for living things which one of the chain being destroy than slow by slow all the living things will be destroy so in an Ecosystem, green plants or producers utilize the solar energy from sun light and synthesize the food materials. The solar energy is stored in the producers in the of complex organic materials, such as carbohydrates, proteins, etc. This energy is transferred to other consumers in an ecosystem by eating. Therefore, food chain can be defines as the transfer of energy in form of food from one organism to other group of organisms through repeating eating and lastly being eaten. In the ecosystem, producers are eaten up by primary consumers. The primary connsumers are eaten up by the secondary consumers which is further consumed by tertiary consumers. After the death of the plants and animals, decomposers convert the organic into inorganic matetrials, which are utilised by the producers in this a chain of energy is formed in an ecosystem.

Floral Diversity of Nepal.

Floral Diversity of Nepal
                                          Nepal occupies only 0.1 percent of the global surface area. It hosts some of the most spectacular natural areas in the world. The landscape of Nepal is predominantly composed of hills and mountains  covering 83 percent of the total land area of Nepal. However the great variation in topography with altitudes  ranging from 60m to 8,848m over a distance of 190km has resulted in a great diversity of vegetation and a wide range of habitats. The country is endowed with a rich of plants and animals. There are more than 2 percent of the world's flowering plants, about 8 percent of the world's bird species, and about 4 percent of the world's mammal species. In terms of species richness, Nepal is the 11th position in Asia and the 25th position in the world (HMG 2000). Nepal falls within two biogeographically realms the Indo-Malayan and the Palaearctic realms which add to the high biodiversity level. Floral diversity represents the availability of different types of plants. In Nepal, great efforts have been carried on the higher plants i.e. gymnosperms and angiosperms but the research on lower groups i.e., non flowering plants is not much extensive . It is estimated that the British Museum has over 40,000 specimend of Nepalese plants. The University of Tokyo has about 100,000 specimens the national herbarium and plant laboratories of Kathmandu has about 150,000 specimens, and approximately 20,000 specimens are kept in different institutions of Tribhuvan University. However, the work has not yet completed. Therefore, the exact number of species is still unknown. All the infromation mentioned above and onwards is based on the publications and scattered works.

Donating Blood

Let us save lives by donating our blood.In three months our blood cells are destroyed in our body.So why waste the blood cells? Instead let us save the lives of needy people , and eventually we will feel proud of ourselves to see the people who are living because of our blood which will also make us very happy and make our lives worthwhile. This world is really beautiful because there are people like us who really and sincerely want to save and help this world. Those who are interested in donating blood should also motivate others to do so. The blood banks in the country report shortages of blood. Donating blood, therefore, mean saving lives. There is no saying when anyone needs blood. People should be encouraged to donate blood. For this there is need to make them aware about the good they would be doing if they donated their blood. This will be the great work of us being human being our wasting blood which is very worthful in the other site if we donate the blood. That helps to save the lives of people in needed of blood if we people never donate the blood then see what will be happen? So this matter should be give address from our Government, our Society for giving awareness from each side by side to each people to people. What is Donating blood and how worthful along important is this.

ELANTRA TO ENTER NEPAL IN OCTOBER

Laxmi Intercontinental Pvt. Ltd. (LIPL) sole authorised distributor of Hyundai for Nepal, is gearing up to roll out its fifth-generation Elantra in the Nepali market. According to the company, the all-new compact sedan is expected to hit Nepali roads by mid-October. We have a lot of expectations from this model, as it caters to the rdemand of the segment  between Accent and Sonata said Rupesh Sharma Bhatta , senior manager of business development  and planning at LIPL adding that the sedan will  be priced between Rs.3.6 million to Rs.3.7 million. He added that the 1600 cc car has a powerful engine and offer good mileage. Since the first-generation model was lunched in 1990, the Elantra has enjoyed cumulative sales of six million units worldwide. The company claims that the compact sedan will continue offering class leading performance and fuel efficiency under its cutting edge technology and power. Elantra incorporates a specific design concept called "Wind Craft" The refined look continues inside with high-gloss black and metallic colours used in the cabinet. The new Elantra comes with remarkably advanced gasoline engines, Gamma 1.6-liters MPI D CVVT, which is mated to six-speed auto and manual transmissions, which deliver impressively more horsepower while consuming less fuel and producing lower emissions than the power trains they replace. Developed and maufactured entirely in house the all new six-speed automatic tranmission is reportedly the world's first to be designed for engine applications in small mid-sized passenger cars. The new Elantra offers a hostg of advanced features which includes safety escort head lamps that remain turned on for 30 seconds  after the driver leaves the car, a cluster ioniser system that purifies the air and deodorises harmful gases by generationg cluster ions an auto defogging system , heated rear seats and rear parking assistance sensors. Elantra has wonderful safety features such as vehicle stability mangement (VSM) which helps vehicles stay in a stable position and electronid stability programme (ESP) along with a six-airbag system.